Messiah Ben-Joseph is a concept that exists in some Jewish Apocalyptic literature, it’s not as universally accepted among Rabbinic Jews as some want to make it sound, but it is interesting.
David C. Mitchell published a book in 2016 titled Messiah ben Joseph that I do recommend for it collects a lot of different relevant texts even though I disagree with some of his interpretations as well as his endorsements of Ben Abrahamson’s weird identifications when talking about the Seventh Century. I’ll be referring back to his work sometimes in this post.
Some Christians often talk about the Messiah Ben-Joseph and Messiah Ben-David distinction as if it’s a matter of Jesus fulfilling the prophecies correctly or not associated with Ben-Joseph in his First Advent and Ben-David in his Second Advent. Ben-Joseph is killed at the Gate of Jerusalem then rises from The Dead while it’s Ben-David who’s the Conquering King. AD 70 Preterists may be interested in the versions that say Ben-David’s advent is 40 years after the death of Ben-Joseph.
The first thing this ignores is that Ben-Joseph is expected to be a conqueror as well, more so actually, Ben-David simply finishes the campaign mostly carried out by Ben-Joseph. This fits the pattern of the original Ben-David as Solomon’s reign was built on the Conquests of David, but David’s own conquests continue what was begun by Saul.
Meanwhile in a lot of these same texts with a Messiah Ben-Joseph we also have a Messiah Ben David often named Menahem Ben Ammiel. This Menahem is in fact initially born to his Human Parents in an earlier epoch of history, but exactly when is inconsistent.
He’s said to have been born during the time of King David, his mother is definitely the wife of someone named Nathan, sometimes that’s the Prophet sometimes it’s David’s son by Bathsheba, Ammiel is the name of Bathsheba’s father so that makes more sense with the bigger genealogical picture. In Luke 3 a Greek Transliteration of Menahem is the grandson of Nathan Ben-David. But his mother is named Hephzibah and The Talmud’s Messiah named Menahem is called the son of Hezekiah.
He’s also said to be born the same day the first Temple was destroyed while the Talmud’s Menahem is born the day the second Temple was destroyed. The Veil of The Temple was torn while Jesus was on the Cross and Resurrection is analogized to Birth in The Bible, so Jesus can be said to have a birth that correlates to the true end of the Second Temple. We also know that Hebrew Christians identified Menahem as the Hebrew equivalent of the NT Greek Paraclete translated in the KJV of John and 1 John as Comforter and Advocate.
Also in some of these same texts in Mitchell’s book it is Menahem Ben Ammiel who is despised and rejected and who Isaiah 53 is quoted in reference to.
Meanwhile Messiah Ben Joseph doesn’t Resurrect himself, it is Messiah Ben David who resurrects him (sometimes Elijah is part of the process). It is Messiah Ben David who has the Power of Resurrection, who conquers Death.
Zechariah 9-11 is one contiguous Prophecy and Zechariah 12-14 is one contiguous Prophecy. But they are not in my view truly contiguous with each other, at least not entirely, chapter 12 verse 1 uses language that to me means a new Prophecy is starting. Their mistaken conflation with each other by Ancients is how the error of thinking Ben Joseph is the Pierced Messiah happened.
There are no references to Joseph or Ephraim or Manasseh or Joshua in 12-14. And no David in 9-11 though Judah is mentioned. As Zechariah originally wrote these Prophecies the Pierced One is of the House of David, that’s why the House of David mourns Him, all four names mentioned in 12:12-13 are also in the Luke 3 genealogy.
There are two places where Joseph/Ephraim imagery could be relevant to Revelation.
In Revelation 6 the Rider on the White Horse has a Bow and is given a Crown. Joseph/Ephraim has a Bow in Genesis 49 and Zechariah 9 and has a Crown in Isaiah 28.
Meanwhile the standard Ben Joseph Narrative arguably fits the Two Witnesses in Revelation 11 pretty well, they are a problem for the World for a time till The Beast wages war against them and prevails over them and kills them leaving their bodies to rot in the City for a period of time until they rise from The Dead.
One aspect of the Messiah Ben-Joseph tradition Mitchell doesn’t want to engage with is the idea of Ben Joseph as a Gentile and/or Proselyte rather than someone of Jewish ancestry.
It’s often suspected that the exiles of the Northern Kingdom were culturally assimilated into the Gentile communities the Assyrians settled them amongst and lost their Israelite Identity unlike the Southern Kingdom’s Exile. Meanwhile Genesis 48 prophesied Ephraim to become a Multitude of Nations or as some translate it the Fulness of The Nations, the LXX doesn’t use Pleroma in Genesis 48 but does use it to translate that same Hebrew word elsewhere.
And so some interpretations of Messiah Ben Joseph see him as a Gentile ally of the Jews or maybe full on Convert who may or may not indirectly descend from the Northern Tribes.
Mitchell, when discussing the Dead Sea Scrolls, argues against the reading that Joseph is leading a foreign army and from then on doesn’t seem to acknowledge Ben Joseph as a Gentile idea at all. But it is a big factor in Messiah Ben Joseph discourse to this day.
For example today the Britam Website does this. They are Jews who essentially believe in British Israelism and related ideas even though they aren’t Christians and so expect Messiah Ben Joseph to be a Western political leader, probably specially WASP since they identify Joseph with the English Speaking world.
However in Ancient Times people were more often looking to the East, since Assyria settled them in Northern Mesopotamia and Media. Cyrus had Median descent through his Mother so maybe even his being called Messiah by Isaiah 44-45 was as a Messiah Ben Joseph?
Josephus in Antiquities of The Jews Book 20 Chapters 2-4 describes the life of Izates II King of Adiabene, he and his mother/aunt Helena were Gentiles by birth but converted to Judaism. This Biography in my opinion clearly seeks to make Izates a parallel to Joseph in many ways starting with the envy of his half brothers. Either Josephus or an earlier source he’s drawing on I’m convinced saw Izates as a possible Messiah Ben Joseph and/or progenitor of one. In the Talmud Adiabene called Hayab is identified as a place where Northern Kingdom Exiles were taken. I’ve argued the Kurds are the main modern descendants of the Northern Kingdom’s exiles using both geographical and DNA evidence, and indeed Erbil the ancient capital of Adiabene is in modern times the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan.
Iizates II’s main wife was the daughter of another Mesopamian King who converted to Judaism Symacho of Characene, but he had multiple wives and children by them. He was succeeded on the throne by his brother Monobaz II who also converted to Judaism. In Wars of The Jews Book 2 Chapter 19 Section 2 Monobaz is an ally of the Jewihs Rebels in AD 66 and sends two Kinsmen one named Monobaz and one named Kenedeus to fight in the War. Later in Book 5 Chapter 6 Section 4 we are told that sons and brethren of Izates were among those taken as hostages to Rome.
Yusuf, the Arabic form of Joseph, was the actual name of the Himyarite King popularly known as Dhu Nuwas who reigned from AD 522-530. The Himyarites were also Gentile Converts to Judaism and there is evidence Yusuf wasn't his birth name but one taken after he converted to Judaism. So I have no doubt he too was seeking to present himself as a Messiah Ben Joseph figure.
But what about the most well known historical figure popularly viewed to at the time have been Messiah Ben Joseph, Nehemiah Ben Hushiel? I have too many speculations about that subject going on in my head right now, it could be its own very long post. But some do indeed involve him being a Gentile. Interestingly one of these texts in Mitchel's book identifies Nehemiah Ben Hushiel with the children of Zerah ben Judah, but that Zerahite branch of Judah is kind of a half lost Tribe itself.
But let’s return to Genesis 48’s Fulness of The Gentiles.
Some Christians believe Paul was deliberately drawing on that verse in Romans 11 where the Fulness of the Gentiles are grafted into Israel and then All Israel will be Saved. Meaning all Gentile Believers are by Adoption Children of Ephraim.
I’m a Partial Preterist who believes the start and maybe even end of The Millennium are already in the past but the Parousia and Literal Bodily Resurrection of The Dead is still yet to come. Like Post Millennials I believe we have a mission to make the world better as much as we can, but like Amillennials I still expect the Return of Jesus is what Finishes the Project.
So to me the Christian view of Messiah Ben Joseph should be that he’s not an individual but The Entire Body of Christ. We are the Rider on the White Horse of both Revelation 6 and 19 conquering with the Sword of The Spirit which is the Word of God rather than literal violence. Many of us have been Killed by the Enemy doing so and probably more will be, but will be Risen by Jesus when He returns.
